Assessment of Chlorophyll-a Concentration and Trophic State for Lake Chagan Using Landsat TM and Field Spectral Data

In this study, we present the digital evaluation of Landsat TM data and field spectral measurements for retrieving chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration and trophic state index in Lake Chagan of Northeast China. Chl-a concentration of the lake can be estimated from the band ratio (TM4/TM3) and the field spectral data at 670 nm (absorption peak) and at 700 nm (reflectance peak). The results show that the best determination coefficient (R ²) is 0.67 from the TM data, by which chl-a distribution can be mapped. Based on chl-a determination from laboratory analysis, field spectral and TM data, the modified trophic state index (TSI_M) was applied to assess the lake’s trophic state. With the available data in Lake Chagan, each algorithm demonstrates the similar result for assessing the lake’s chl-a and trophic state. Our results indicate that Landsat TM and field spectral data could be used effectively to determine chl-a concentration and evaluate the trophic state of Lake Chagan in the study.     

基于高分辨率在线观测数据分析上海市城区秋冬季大气有机气溶胶化学特征及污染来源

有机气溶胶(OA)不仅是大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的重要组成部分,其与臭氧(O₃)污染也密切相关.采用气溶胶在线热脱附(TAG)系统对上海市城区秋冬季大气PM_2.5中94种有机分子示踪物浓度进行了在线观测,分析了不同气流轨迹影响下有机气溶胶的组成分布特征以及大气氧化性对其生成的影响.结果表明,本地气团影响下的OA组成以饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和正构烷烃等指示一次来源的有机分子示踪物为主,偏北长距离输送影响下的OA则含有较高比例的生物质燃烧示踪物.与本地气团和长距离输送气团不同,海面气团携带的OA主要由二羧酸和羟基羧酸类指示二次来源的有机分子示踪物构成,其生成受光化学和液相氧化过程影响显著.进一步运用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)对PM_2.5和OA污染来源进行解析,获得7类一次排放源和5类二次生成源,其中,二次硝酸盐对PM_2.5浓度贡献率最为突出(25.2%),移动源则对OA浓度贡献率最高(24.0%).污染过程中,燃煤源、移动源和餐饮源等人为源及其相关的二次生成源(二次硝酸盐、二...     

基于SEM的心智技能对飞行员安全绩效影响研究

为探究心智技能对飞行员安全绩效的影响规律,提高飞行员的安全绩效,采用结构方程模型(SEM)建立了心智技能与飞行员安全绩效之间的假设关系模型。首先选取210名飞行员发放调查问卷,收集飞行员的观察力、记忆力、思维力和想象力相关数据;然后采用SPSS 21.0软件对调查问卷数据进行信效度分析和影响因子分析;最后从QAR(快速存取记录器)数据中提取飞行员的不安全事件发生率作为飞行员的安全绩效,验证了观察力、记忆力、思维力和想象力对飞行员安全绩效的假设关系模型,得出两者之间的内在影响规律、影响程度以及相关作用关系。结果表明:观察力、思维力、记忆力和想象力对飞行员安全绩效的标准化路径系数分别为0.61、0.52、0.43、0.36;观察力、思维力、记忆力和想象力均对飞行员安全绩效有正向显著影响,且影响作用依次减小。     

长吉图开发开放先导区固定资产投资效益及其滞后效应分析

随着国家对长吉图先导区经济发展支持力度的加大，对其固定资产投资将会进入一个高速增长时期。因此，通过切实提高长吉图先导区域的固定资产投资效益，对化解长吉图先导区乃至整个吉林省潜在的资金风险，实现区域经济的可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。在分析长吉图先导区固定资产投资与经济增长相关性的基础上，通过建立区域固定资产投资效益模型，全面系统地研究长吉图先导区固定资产的投资效益，并进一步建立投资效益的一期滞后模型。研究结果表明，长吉图先导区的经济增长与固定资产投资额之间密切相关，且滞后一期固定资产投资对长吉图先导区GDP增量的滞后效应最为显著。在实证研究的基础上，提出解决问题的有效措施以及具体的政策建议。     

超临界水氧化处理醚菊酯生产废水实验研究

利用间歇式超临界水氧化实验装置对醚菊酯生产废水进行处理。实验结果表明,选择超临界水氧化处理该废水的优化条件为:温度430℃、反应时间5 min、压力25 MPa、氧化系数2.0。H2O2、O2和空气三种氧化剂的氧化能力从强到弱依次为H2O2、O2和空气。采用目前国内处理量最大的SCWO示范装置对醚菊酯生产废水进行初步处理,出水COD、TOC、色度和pH均满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

内河船舶柴油机的实际排放特征

利用由SEMTECH-DS和ELPI组成的PEMS(车载排放测试系统),对京杭运河江苏段具有代表性的12艘内河船舶进行实际排放测试,分析不同工况下CO、HC、NO_x和PM的排放. 结果表明:巡航工况下CO、HC和PM排放速率分别为0.093、0.019、0.018g/s,低于进、出港工况;而NO_x排放速率为0.347g/s,分别为出港和进港工况的1.66和2.90倍;不同工况外排NO占NO_x比例不同,其中巡航工况中外排NO所占比例最大(达到96.7%),而出港和进港工况则分别为93.6%和93.1%. 随着负荷增加,船舶 CO、HC、NO和PM的排放浓度增大,高负荷下CO、HC、NO_x、PM的排放浓度比低负荷分别增高89.23%、29.51%、44.72%和229.49%. 由颗粒物的粒径分布可知,3种工况下颗粒物数浓度的粒径分布呈双峰分布,分别对应核模态和积聚模态,粒径<120nm的颗粒物数浓度占总浓度的99.84%以上,PM_2.5数浓度占PM₁₀比例均超过99.9%.      

基于实测的船舶辅机大气污染物排放量估算

于2017年3月—2018年5月在广州市南沙港区选取不同吨位的5艘船舶进行登船实测,建立了基于燃油消耗的排放因子.结果表明,船舶辅机CO₂排放因子为(3085±439)~(3195±121) g·kg^-1,CO排放因子为(5.50±1.33)~(26.10±8.90) g·kg^-1,TVOC排放因子为(0.29±0.02)~(1.68±0.06) g·kg^-1,PM_2.5排放因子为(0.56±0.09)~(12.50±3.11) g·kg^-1,NO_x排放因子为(19.20±4.12)~(83.30±11.80) g·kg^-1,基于燃油消耗量,估算2017年广州港船舶停泊工况辅助发动机SO₂、CO、TVOC、PM_2.5和NO_x排放总量分别为736、(794±209)、(46.40±2.39)、(223.0±49.4)和(3237±698) t.船舶引擎功率对排放CO、TVOC和PM_2.5影响显著,引擎功率较低的船舶以上3种大气污染物排放因子更高.从吨位而言,≥10000总吨的船舶对SO₂、CO、TVOC和NO_x 4种大气污染物的排放分担率均超过50%,≤2999总吨的船舶则对PM_2.5的排放分担率最高.从船舶类型而言,分担率最高的是集装箱船,分别占SO₂、CO、TVOC、PM_2.5和NO_x排放总量的43.8%、30.8%、41.4%、16.3%和40.9%,此外,散货船、其他货船、顶推拖船和油船对排放量的分担率也较高,以上5种船舶占到了各类大气污染物排放总量的90%.     

ERRORS RELATED TO RANDOM STREAM TEMPERATURE DATA COLLECTION IN UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Records of hourly water temperatures for two streams in the Upper Mississippi River basin were used to find the error between instantaneous measurements of stream water temperatures and true daily averages. The instantaneous summer water temperature measurements were assumed to be collected during daylight hours, and measurement times were selected randomly. The absolute error at the 95 percent confidence level of randomly collected stream water temperatures was less than 0.9°C for a 1 to 5m deep large river, but as large as 3.6°C for a 0.3 to lm deep small stream. Temperature readings of morning samples were usually below daily average values, and afternoon readings were usually above. Daily mean water temperatures were obtained with less than 0.23°C standard deviation from true daily averages if the daily maximum and minimum water temperatures were averaged. Sample results were obtained for the open water (summer) season only, since diurnal water temperature fluctuations in ice covered streams are usually negligible.     

Relationship of Water Quality and Pollutant Loads to Land Uses in adjoining watersheds1

ABSTRACT: The Grand and Saugeen Rivers in southern Ontario were chosen for study as pilot watersheds under the Pollution From Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG) study. The pilot watersheds have adjacent headwater areas and are physically similar in geology, physiography, and climate. Significant differences in water quality between the watersheds at their outlets are attributed to land use and population differences. The major pollutant sources in the two pilot watersheds were identified as trace elements from urban runoff and point source discharges; phosphorus from agricultural and urban runoff and private waste disposal; chloride from transportation corridors; and sediment and nitrogen from agricultural runoff. Yields at the watershed outlets were similar for suspended sediment and two to three times as high in the Grand River for phosphours, nitrogen, chloride, and lead. The higher phosphorus and nitrogen levels were attributed to larger point source inputs and the higher proportion of agricultural activity, comprising 75 percent of the Grand River basin compared to 64 percent in the Saugeen River basin. Similarly, the higher chloride and lead levels were attributed to an order of magnitude larger population and three times as much urban land in the Grand River basin compared to the Saugeen River basin.     

FIELD MEASUREMENT OF FLOW VELOCITIES,SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS,AND TEMPERATURES IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a field investigation of collecting hydrodynamic and sediment data in Lake Okeechobee with analyses examining mechanisms affecting sediment resuspension in the lake. Lake Okeechobee is a large subtropical lake located in south central Florida. Three‐dimensional flow velocities, suspended solids concentrations (SSC), and temperatures at four locations were measured from January 18 to March 5, 2000. Analyses of these data indicate that wind is the dominant factor in driving flow velocities and therefore transporting suspended solids. Wind direction also affects the SSC, especially in the north central and west littoral areas of the lake. The surface and bottom velocity components frequently flow in opposite directions, forming a stratification of the water column and preventing suspended solids from settling out. This retention of SSC in the water column may have a strong impact on the water quality of Lake Okeechobee. This study provides valuable storm event data and mechanism analyses, which will improve our understanding of the transport of suspended solids, thermal exchanges, and flow patterns within Lake Okeechobee.